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A communication transmitted from Yi-An Huang, City Manager, relative to Awaiting Report 24-19, regarding researching incentives and support for residents without cars
C I T Y O F C A M B R I D G E
Community Development Department
IRAM FAROOQ
Assistant City Manager for
Community Development
SANDRA CLARKE
Deputy Director
Chief of Administration
344 Broadway
Cambridge, MA 02139
Voice: [phone removed]
Fax: [phone removed]
TTY: [phone removed]
www.cambridgema.gov
To:
Yi‐An Huang, City Manager
From:
Iram Farooq, Assistant City Manager for Community Development
Brooke McKenna, Transportation Commissioner
Re:
Awaiting Report 24‐19 dated March 25, 2024 re. incentives for residents
who don’t own cars
Date:
July 23, 2024
We write in response to the above‐referenced policy order regarding whether the City
could provide incentives for residents who do not have cars, such as Massachusetts Bay
Transportation Authority (MBTA) passes, Bluebikes memberships, or others. Please find
below our response. The Law Department’s analysis is provided under separate cover.
As you might expect, research shows that owning a car increases the likelihood that
people drive1. While City policy aims to help reduce traffic deaths and injuries, lower
emissions, pollution and congestion, and lessen the damage to and wear on city roads
by reducing driving, we have not offered the type of incentive contemplated in this
Council Order. In addition to the legal implications discussed in the Law Department’s
memo, this type of incentive also has budget and equity considerations, as described
below. Instead, the City has focused on programs and policies that make it safer, more
affordable, and more convenient to walk, bike, and take public transportation, which
makes it easier for residents to live without owning a private car in Cambridge.
Infrastructure That Separates Bikes from Motor Vehicle Traffic and
Provides Bus Priority
We have made significant investments in infrastructure to support sustainable
transportation. From 2004 to 2022, the total miles of bicycle facilities have more than
doubled. Bicycle facilities that are physically separated from motor vehicles have
increased by 80%. In the same time frame, the number of people riding bikes counted in
the intersection count program nearly tripled.
We are currently progressing designs for three separate off‐road paths dedicated for
walking and biking. Over the next few years, we anticipate adding or rebuilding 2.86
miles of dedicated active transportation paths to the City’s growing network.
1 https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/CARB_Report_Handy_UCDavis_VMT.pdf
Page 2 of 3
Additionally, with the construction and installation work planned for FY25, there will be:
0.7 more miles of dedicated bus lanes (total 3.2 miles)
10 more locations with signal priority for buses (total 14)
2 more locations with dedicated signals for head‐start/queue‐jump bus movements (total 6)
Cambridge and Massachusetts Programs That Support Using the MBTA and Bluebikes
Through the Parking and Transportation Demand Management Ordinance and Planning Board Special
Permit conditions, the City requires some property owners to provide MBTA pass subsidies and
Bluebikes memberships to employees at their sites. There are currently 57,000 employees in the TDM
program, which accounts for 38% of Cambridge workers, some of whom are also Cambridge residents.
The vast majority of the properties have a transit subsidy requirement and a growing number have a
Bluebikes membership requirement, which we began to require in 2013. Some Cambridge residents at
multi‐family buildings also receive limited‐time MBTA and Bluebikes benefits through Special Permit
requirements.
In addition, there are subsidized transportation benefits that are available to people with low incomes.
The publicly‐owned Bluebikes regional bikeshare system has an income‐eligible membership program.
Cambridge residents can apply to join the program. Residents qualify if they are older than age 16; have
a credit, debit, or prepaid card to pay for fees; and show proof of enrollment in income‐based assistance
programs like SNAP, LIHEAP, Housing Choice Voucher (Section 8), MassHealth, Pell Grants, Public
Housing, SSI/SSDI, and WIC or demonstrate income within guidelines.
Cambridge provides assistance for completing applications with in‐person appointments, telephone
support, or e‐mail support. In‐person appointments can be held at City buildings at 344 Broadway or 119
Windsor Street. If approved, the resident sets up a Bluebikes membership on a reduced cost monthly or
annual plan. The monthly plan costs $5 per month and the annual plan costs $50 per year. On either
plan, an income‐eligible Bluebikes member has unlimited free 60‐minute classic bike rides, 7‐cents‐per‐
minute e‐bike rides, and no unlock fees.
This summer, the MBTA is launching an income‐eligible reduced fare program. This is in addition to the
existing reduced fare programs for youth aged 18‐25, students in middle and high school, and seniors
aged 65 or older. Riders will apply to join the income‐eligible reduced fare program, and qualify if they
are a Massachusetts resident, with a government‐issued ID, between the ages of 26 and 64, and
enrolled in a number of income‐based assistance programs like SNAP, TAFDC, EAEDC, or a number of
MassHealth programs. If approved, the MBTA will mail a personalized reduced fare CharlieCard to the
rider, which will be valid for 1 year. With this CharlieCard, a rider can purchase a monthly bus/subway
pass for $30, a 7‐day bus/subway pass for $10, or pay per ride at a 50% discount. Users of THE RIDE,
paratransit, will also pay a discounted fare. We do not have a sense of how many residents may be
eligible at this time.
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How Much Impact Would a Car-Free Incentive Program Have?
It is instructive to learn about other cities’ programs to address car ownership. Santa Monica and South
Los Angeles, CA, Hoboken, NJ, and Seattle, WA, have implemented various forms of car‐free or car‐light
incentive programs, but research indicates that their success is mixed.
The budget needed to support a car‐free incentive program available to all Cambridge residents would
be significant. There are more than 20,000 car‐free residents who could be eligible for an incentive.2 If
the City provided a one‐month bus/subway pass, the program cost would be more than $1.8 million per
month, or over $20 million annually. The cost of providing annual Bluebikes membership would be more
than $2 million per year.
In addition, national research shows that people with higher incomes have more vehicles in their
households than people with lower incomes, and that higher‐income households drive more than lower‐
income households3. An incentive aimed at compensating people for getting rid of their cars would
effectively be providing support to higher‐income households, who already experience more financial
security and would likely require a substantial incentive to motivate them to get rid of a car.
Current planning
Our own Cambridge Net Zero Transportation Plan (NZTP) Advisory Group is currently discussing
potential actions to encourage people to reduce car ownership and reduce car trips. The group agrees
that if fewer people own cars in Cambridge, there could be less competition for parking and less car
traffic. But the group also acknowledges that it would be good to support carshare services or occasional
access to ridehail and taxi rides, since not every car trip can be replaced by buses, trains, and bikes. In
recent discussions, Advisory Group members noted that the City shouldn’t perpetuate inequities by
giving an incentive to people who can afford to own cars. Additionally, they noted that the City should
recognize and value large, multi‐generational families who can reduce the number of cars they own,
even if they don’t get to zero cars in the household.
The NZTP Advisory Group also noted that a possible alternative to launching a car‐free incentive
program could be if the state authorized the establishment of a Universal Basic Income program that
would allow people to choose how they spend their money. This would also reduce the burden on
people with low incomes to demonstrate eligibility for various programs. With continued improvements
and supports for walking, biking, and taking public transportation, it could become a natural choice to
drive less in and around Cambridge.
2 17,101 roommates aged 16+ living without a vehicle + 3,063 zero‐vehicle family households. Source: 2018‐2022 5‐
year American Community Survey
3 https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/23cpr/chap3.cfm#access‐to‐vehicles