a report from Councillor Quinton Zondervan, Co-Chair and Councillor Dennis J. Carlone, Co-Chair of the Neighborhood and Long Term Planning, Public Facilities, Arts and Celebration Committee, for a public hearing held on October 23, 2019 to discuss tracking of the City’s emissions and identifying key indicators that would give a sense of where the City is going

Attachment A GHG Emissions and Related Goals City of Cambridge

2% Municipal Emissions Buildings, 51.7% Commercial & Institutional Residential Buildings, 14.1% Discharge, 0.1% Wastewater Treatment and Burning, 0.1% Incineration and Open Railways, 0.6% Solid Waste Disposal, 6.3% On-road, 10.5% Industries & 13.3% Manufacturing Construction, 3.1% 2012 Community GHG Emissions Energy Industries, Emissions Overview

and 21% (residents) by 2030 (Envision Cambridge) and be Carbon Neutral by 2050 (Envision Cambridge) and 52% by 2030 (Municipal Facilities Improvement Plan) and 80% by 2050 (DPW goal set to align with State goal) COMMUNITY-WIDE - Explicit Emissions Goal City Climate Goals SECTOR-SPECIFIC - Activity goals SECTOR-SPECIFIC - Explicit Emissions Goals • Reduce emissions to .77 million metric tons by 2030 (47% over 2012 baseline) • Fleet target for municipal vehicle emissions TBD • 2040 and 2050 targets for municipal emissions TBD • Reduce % of drive alone commute trips to 32% (workers) • Reduce municipal emissions 30% over 2008 by 2020 (stretch goal of 35%) • 5% of municipal electricity use to be supplied by onsite solar PV by 2020 • Reduce pounds of waste per household 30% by 2030 (Envision Cambridge)

Proposed BEUDO targets apply to emissions directly Mode split targets apply to the emissions activity Vehicle model & year (est. MPG) x annual VMT = estimated gasoline use of goals & targets Quantifying Emissions Impact Examples: gasoline use (N/A) x emissions per gallon gasoline (EPA) = (MT CO, e) kWhs used in buildings (Eversource) x emissions per kWh (ISO NE Grid) = (MT CO, e)

513,133 2050 2045 Target Path 2040 BAU 2035 Buildings 2030 Transport (incl. Off-Road) Cambridge GHG Emissions 2025 Projected Reductions by 2050 Waste 2020 2015 200,000 600,000 400,000 800,000 1,400,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 Emissions (mt CO2e) CAP GHG Emissions Reductions

mtCO2e 326,000 Reduction Reduced 2050 Building Emissions LCESS 2 Strategy 3 Low Carbon Energy Supply Strategy 2 Construction Net Zero New Strategy 1 in Existing Energy Efficiency Projected 2050 Building Emissions BAU 2050 Building Emissions 800.000 100,000 200,000 600,000 400,000 500,000 300,000 700,000 Emissions (mtCO2e) Building Sector Strategies

29% 71%, (MT CO2e) 774,684 MT CO2e 1 million MT CO2e Total GHG Emissions 40% 60%, BEUDO 17 billion kBtu 10.2 billion kBtu Total Energy Use (kBtu) • Cambridge 45% 55%, 72.8 M SQ FT Area (Million Sq Ft) 94% 13,608 buildings 131 million square feet 6%, 846 buildings Number of Buildings BEUDO Buildings vs. Cambridge Buildings GHG Inventory Sub-sector Data and Goals

baseline to recognize the unique situation compliance flexibility building type) with desired outcomes and increase of each building (vs. universal targets by the IPCC Targets are based on scientific analysis by for GHG-based targets (vs. energy) to align Targets are relative to each building's Principles and Considerations • Stakeholder feedback indicated preference Committee Definition and 2050 targets; interim Framework vs. Committee targets may be determined by Framework sets 2030, 2040, emissions) by 2050 emissions by 2030 intervening 5-year periods BEUDO Buildings vs. Cambridge Buildings GHG Inventory Sub-sector Data and Goals Policy Element Performance requirement (GHG) • Linear reductions over • 80% reduction by 2040 • 100% reduction (net zero • 40% reduction in building GHG

group editable versions of any models used for analysis, which will become property of the City context in science, technology, economics and regulatory framework include the proposed schedule and format and prepared materials for review by the stakeholder if needed, to the Plan to achieve Cambridge's climate change commitments based on current Net Zero Action Plan 5 year review Deliverables related to setting targets and goals • Stakeholder group meeting plan and schedule for up to 5 meetings. The meeting plan should • Quantitative analysis of potential GHG savings of recommended action adjustments, including • Evaluation of the GHG impact of Net Zero Action Plan actions to date and recommend adjustments,

56,000 mtCO2e Reduction Reduced 2050 Transportation Emissions Strategy 3 Mobility Solutions Low and Zero Carbon Strategy 2 & Public Transit Active Transoortation & SOV trips Strategy 1 Reduce Miles Driven Projected 2050 Transportation Emissions BAU 2050 Transportation Emissions 20,000 80,000 50,000 40,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 Transportation Sector Strategies

2050 5.00% 2.00% 1.00% 2.00% TRUE 25.00% 25.00% 20.00% 20.00% 2.0% 2050 19.5% 78.4% 2040 4.0% 60.9% 35.0% 2015 - 7.30% 1.82% 0.61% 4.80% 9.71% 48.20% 13.96% 13.60% WORKER Mode Split by 2050 4.0% 2025 22.7% 73.3% 2050 4.00% 5.00% 1.00% TRUE 20.00% 20.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% 0.4% 0.4% 2015 99.2% 2015 8.00% 6.00% 1.50% 0.50% 11.50% 18.50% 43.00% 11.00% BEV: Cambridge % of New Sales Hybrid: Cambridge % of New Sales ICE: Cambridge % of New Sales Passenger Fleet Composition Activity Data and Goals Private Passenger Vehicles Commuter Rail Heavy Rail Other Check (Sum = 100% Bus Transport Mode Type RESIDENT Mode Split by 2050 Non-motorized: Walking Light Rail Non-motorized: Biking

Reduction Reduced 2050 Waste Emissions 15,500 mozE Strategy 3 Management Sustainable Materials and Reuse Strategy 2 Source Reduction Strategy 1 Projected 2050 Waste Emissions Composting Recycling and BAU 2050 Waste Emissions 70,000 50,000 10,000 60,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 Emissions (mtCO2e) Waste Sector Strategies

AttachmentB GHG Management City of Cambridge

• Green building ordinance • Food waste collection facilities improvements, bike share • LED streetlighting project • PTDM, bike and pedestrian • MFIP includes EE and RE • Poor data sources and poor documentation of methods • Addressed municipal & community emission reductions • Rough estimate of 1990, 1998 GHG emission • Many actions completed, or are ongoing • Discovered we couldn't measure progress very well • More robust inventories became a priority Climate Action Planning • 2002 Climate Action Plan

Vehicle model & year (est. MPG) x annual VMT = estimated gasoline use Calculating Emissions 101 Formula: Activity Data (units) x Emission Factor (MT CO, e / unit) = Emissions (MT CO, e) gasoline use (N/A) x emissions per gallon gasoline (EPA) = (MT CO,e) Examples: kWhs used in buildings (Eversource) x emissions per kWh (ISO NE Grid) = (MT CO, e)

no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources Indirect Scope 3 Emissions > no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources Emissions Indirect Scope 2 no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources no sources Emissions Direct Scope 1 Other Process and Fugitive Emissions Outsourced Activities Municipal Waste Disposal Buildings and other Facilities Production of Purchased Materials Solid Waste Facilities Airport Facilities Vehicle Fleet Employee Travel Streetlights and Traffic Signals Power Generation Facilities Sectors Port Facilities Transit Fleet Wastewater Facilities Water Delivery Facilities - 9 inventories for 2008 -2016 - 2008, 2012 and 2016 verified - > 40 hours to complete - solar renewable energy certificates - electric vehicle energy use Municipal Operations Emissions with 2017-2018 inventories Registry Protocol from The Climate • New accounting challenges. • Basic inventory operationalized • Completed in house • Local Government Operations

2016* 2015 2014 2013 2012* 2011 2010 2009 2008* 0.0 5.0 • Buildings & Other Facilities Water Delivery • Vehicle Fleet • Street Lights & Traffic Signals Waste Water 25.0 20.0 15.0 30.0 10.0 Thousand Metric Tons - Except for flat rate accounts • Eversource Invoices • Fuel Master (vehicle fuels) - MassEnergy Insight Registry etc.) refrigerants, propane, fire suppression - Everything else - The Climate - Contractor invoices (HVAC - Electricity- ISO New England Municipal Operations Emissions • Emissions Factors • Activity data

Building GHG Emissions Electricity Emissions Factor Building Sq Ft - Building Energy Use - HDD and CDD 2011 Indexed % Change Over 2008 Baseline 2012 2008 5% 0% - 5% 2011 25% 15% 10% 2010 2009 2008 ISO New England Electricity Emissions Factor 600 900 850 700 800 750 650 950 ounds of CO, per MWh Gas Solar Electricity Change in Building Energy Use 2008-2016 0.0 30,000.0 20,000.0 10,000.0 -40,000.0 -10,000.0 -20,000.0 -30,000.0 -50,000.0 -60,000.0 Municipal Operations Emissions

2050 9.21.2017 ARUP upolatter 01.21.2018 3: 100% electricity carbon free 2: RGGI scenario 1: RPS stagnuni scenario 2040 If 5 largest buildings are inchuded at 10% reduction = 1.5% or 450 mlCO2c 0-2% reduction --77% reduction 2030 a--, 40%% reduction • Fire Mouse 2020 shı Library Mine ch Litvan 2016 enue Fire House yare Fire House Fire House With the addition of the fleet emissions reductions (35%), overall emissions reduce 3% RGGI scenario now exceeds 2030 science based target Where are we going? Science Based Target 30% reduction Vip O'Neill Maintenanee Bailding {ănă mốm ấ [ă ă ấ á á {ấ ă e [áe {00 [á [0m [am[ [00e t00 m00 [02 10 02 teme t01 102 201 20 2035 2035 2037 2033 2032 2340 3041 2043 2C43 2C44 2043 2C46 2367 2203 23:9 2450 Clubhonse 2008 Golf Coy Frisoli Youth Center First Sieet Parking Garage Fire Hendquarters Electrical Department - The Shop East Cambridge Fire House -30% DPW Complex - TOTAL Danchy Park Comfor Station -2% -2% Corporal Burns Building Collins Branch Library -32% Coffon Building Citywide Semior Center -2% City Hall Building -9%* City Hall Annex Central Square Branch Library -29% Cometery Complex (3 Buildings) - TOTAL Cambridge Public Library Boudreau Branch Library -2% -2% Area IV Youth Center MFIP 0% Municipal Operations Emissions -25% -50% -30% -20% -40%

target activity data) PLAN assessment Vulnerability (3 gases, 3 sectors, GHG reduction GPC inventory Adaptation plan Within 3 years Hazards reporting Climate action plan ACTION PLAN target TARGET assessment Vulnerability GHG reduction GPC inventory Hazards reporting Within 2 years TARGET EVENTORY (CO,, 2 sectors) GPC inventory Within 1 year Hazards reporting MEASUREMENT emissions DOMITMENA change risks reduce GHG At engagement Commitment to Commitment to address climate COMMITMENT Mitigation Adaptation Global Covenant of Mayors (formerly Compact of Mayors) Cambridge became a signatory in the fall of 2015

emissions other indirect distribution transportation transmission & out-of-boundary Scope 3 waste & wastewater out-of-boundary energy Scope 2 grid-supplied waste & wastewater combustion stationary fuel in-boundary transportation Scope 1 land use agriculture, industrial forestry & other processes & product use INVENTORY Inventory boundary (including scopes 1, 2 and 3) Geographic city boundary (including scope 1) -Grid supplied energy from a regional grid (scope 2) CLIMATE & ENERGY of MAYORS for GLOBAL COVENANT year not prior to 2016 - 2020 would be next year we complete, for a Emissions Inventories the reporting year Global Covenant of Mayors (formerly Compact of Mayors) • Inventory year no more than 4 years prior to • Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG • Conducted every 4 years

GLOBAL COVENANT of MAYORS for CLIMATE & ENERGY - 2012 was the year for which the most recent, reliable data was available - DNV-GL - MAPC Community Emissions • 1 inventory completed for calendar year 2012 • 8 months to develop/complete • Completed w/ consultant support • Global Protocol for Community-Scale GHG Inventories

2% Emissions Municipal Buildings, 51.7% Commercial & Institutional Residential Buildings, 14.1% Discharge, 0.1% Wastewater Treatment and Burning, 0.1% Incineration and Open Railways, 0.6% Solid Waste Disposal, 6.3% On-road. 10.5% Industries & 13.3% Manufacturing Construction, 3.1% Energy Industries, 2012 Community GHG Emissions Emissions Overview

MAVC MBTA MBTA MAVC DPW, DEP Data Source EPA MOVES model EPA FLIGHT database Eversource via DNV-GL, ACS, • • Scope 3 Scope 2 Scope 1 Sub-sector Manufacturing and Construction - Electricity Use Cambridge Registered Vehicles On-road Travel (Fuel) Electricity Distribution System Losses Electricity Distribution System Losses Solid Waste - Incineration (municipal & private haulers) Wastewater Treatment Cambridge Registered Vehicles On-road Travel (Electricity) Commercial - Natural Gas & Fuel Oil Use Commercial - Electricity Use Residential - Natural Gas & Fuel Oil Use Public Transit (Electricity Use) Nat. Gas Distribution System Losses Solid Waste - Landfill (municipal & private haulers) Public Transit (Fuel Use) Manufacturing and Construction - Fuel Use (including vehicles) Residential - Electricity Use Energy Industries Sector GHG Inventory Transportation Waste Stationary Energy

173%, between 2015 and 2016. • Mass Save acknowledged this is likely a data error, but has not corrected it yet • Data indicates that Cambridge's natural gas use more than doubled, increasing by robust and would not allow for trendline analysis energy use data, but it is unreliable. contract and received permission to use that access for this inventory project • Mass Save (energy efficiency program administrator) has released some community wide • Eversource does not provide consistent or reliable data on energy use annually • Massachusetts Vehicle Census has not been re-release. Most current data is 2012 • Other sources for estimating emissions from vehicles in Cambridge are available but are not as • The Community GHG Inventory Consultant had access to Eversource data through a separate Stationary Energy Use Data Transportation Data Challenges

emissions trends complete GHG building energy use Inventory • Good indicator for • Sub-set of all • Not sufficient for a 29% 71%, CO2e (MT CO2e) 774,684 MT 1 million MT CO2e Total GHG Emissions 40% 60%, (kBtu) • BEUDO Total Energy Use 10.2 billion kBtu • Cambridge 45% 55%, 72.8 M SO FT Area (Million Sq Ft) 131 million square feet 17 billion kBtu 6%, 94% 13,608 846 buildings Number of Buildings BEUDO Buildings vs. Cambridge Buildings GHG Inventory Proxy Data

miles (a reduction over baseline emissions) projected emissions) purchased a gasoline vehicle about the same numbers of instead (a reduction over gasoline vehicle and drives reduce emissions IF... Increase in EV ownership can • The owner switched from a • The owner would have • But neither are quantifiable 2018 2017 •ZEM 2016 2015 BEV • PHEV • PHEV+ Number of New EVs in Cambridge 2014 150 250 200 100 Proxy Data MOR EV Rebate data Number of

Microsoft Excel-based) to track existing and future key performance indicators and review program data, and gaps/conflicts in the data between the 2012 baseline and updated inventory year Community GHG Inventories and the 2012 GHG Inventory baseline, including trendline analysis impact Deliverables related to data, analysis and evaluation Net Zero Action Plan 5 year review • Updated (CY 2017 or later) GHG Inventory for the building sector per the Global Protocol for • Program evaluation protocol and evaluation tools readily used and edited by city staff (eg, • Written program evaluation results of NZAP impact to date and progress towards current goals • Memo summarizing currently available data sources, opportunities to draw conclusions from the

GHG Emissions and Related Goals City of Cambridge

2% Emissions Municipal Buildings, 51.7% Commercial & Institutional Residential Buildings, 14.1% 0.1% Discharge, 0.1% Wastewater Treatment and Incineration and Open Burning, Railways, 0.6% Solid Waste Disposal, 6.3% On-road, 10.5% Industries & 13.3% Manufacturing Construction, 3.1% 2012 Community GHG Emissions Energy Industries, Emissions Overview

and 52% by 2030 (Municipal Facilities Improvement Plan) SECTOR-SPECIFIC - Explicit Emissions Goals Reduce pounds of waste per household 30% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 City Climate Goals SECTOR-SPECIFIC - Activity goals Municipal targets to be set for 2040 and 2050 Reduce municipal emissions 30% over 2008 by 2020 (stretch goal of 35%) COMMUNITY-WIDE - Explicit Emissions Goal 5% of municipal electricity use to be supplied by onsite solar PV by 2020 Reduce % of drive alone commute trips to 32% (workers) and 21% (residents) by 2030 Carbon Neutral by 2050 (Envision Cambridge)

Proposed BEUDO targets apply to emissions directly Mode split targets apply to the emissions activity Vehicle model & year (est. MPG) x annual VMT = estimated gasoline use of goals/targets Quantifying Emissions Impact Examples: kWhs used in buildings (Eversource) x emissions per kWh (ISO NE Grid) = (MT CO, e) gasoline use (N/A) x emissions per gallon gasoline (EPA) = (MT CO, e)

513,133 2050 2045 Target Path 2040 BAU 2035 Buildings 2030 Transport (incl. Off-Road) Cambridge GHG Emissions 2025 Projected Reductions by 2050 Waste 2020 2015 400,000 200,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 Emissions (mt CO2e) CAP GHG Emissions Reductions

mtCO2e 326,000 Reduction Reduced 2050 Building Emissions LCESS 2 Strategy 3 Low Carbon Energy Supply Strategy 2 Construction Net Zero New Strategy 1 in Existing Energy Efficiency Projected 2050 Building Emissions BAU 2050 Building Emissions 700,000 500,000 300,000 800,000 100,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 Emissions (mtCO2e) Building Sector Strategies

29% 71%, (MT CO2e) 774,684 MT CO2e Total GHG Emissions 1 million MT CO2e 40% 60%, • BEUDO 17 billion kBtu 10.2 billion kBtu Total Energy Use (kBtu) • Cambridge 45% 55%, 72.8 M SQ FT Area (Million Sq Ft) 94% 13,608 buildings 131 million square feet 6%, 846 buildings Number of Buildings BEUDO Buildings vs. Cambridge Buildings GHG Inventory Sub-sector Data and Goals

the IPCC compliance flexibility with desired outcomes and increase of each building (vs. universal targets by baseline to recognize the unique situation building type) for GHG-based targets (vs. energy) to align Principles and Considerations • Targets are based on scientific analysis by • Targets are relative to each building's • Stakeholder feedback indicated preference Committee Framework sets 2030, 2040, targets may be determined by Framework vs. Committee and 2050 targets; interim Definition emissions by 2030 emissions) by 2050 intervening 5-year periods BEUDO Buildings vs. Cambridge Buildings GHG Inventory Sub-sector Data and Goals Policy Element Performance requirement (GHG) • 100% reduction (net zero • Linear reductions over • 80% reduction by 2040 • 40% reduction in building GHG

context in science, technology, economics and regulatory framework group editable versions of any models used for analysis, which will become property of the City if needed, to the Plan to achieve Cambridge's climate change commitments based on current include the proposed schedule and format and prepared materials for review by the stakeholder Deliverables related to setting targets and goals Net Zero Action Plan 5 year review • Quantitative analysis of potential GHG savings of recommended action adjustments, including • Stakeholder group meeting plan and schedule for up to 5 meetings. The meeting plan should • Evaluation of the GHG impact of Net Zero Action Plan actions to date and recommend adjustments,

56,000 mt002e Reduction Reduced 2050 Transportation Emissions Strategy 3 Mobility Solutions Low and Zero Carbon Strategy 2 & Public Transit Active Transoortatior & SOV trips Strategy 1 Reduce Miles Driven Projected 2050 Transportation Emissions BAU 2050 Transportation Emissions 30,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 120,000 100,000 140,000 Transportation Sector Strategies

2050 5.00% 2.00% 1.00% 2.00% TRUE 20.00% 25.00% 25.00% 20.00% 2.0% 2050 19.5% 78.4% 2040 4.0% 35.0% 1.82% 0.61% 7.30% 4.80% 9.71% 48.20% 13.96% 13.60% WORKER Mode Split by 2050 4.0% 2025 22.7% 73.3% 2050 1.00% 4.00% 5.00% TRUE 20.00% 20.00% 10.00% 20.00% 20.00% 0.4% 0.4% 2015 99.2% 2015 6.00% 8.00% 0.50% 1.50% 11.50% 18.50% 11.00% 43.00% BEV: Cambridge % of New Sales Hybrid: Cambridge % of New Sales ICE: Cambridge % of New Sales Passenger Fleet Composition Activity Data and Goals Commuter Rail Heavy Rail Other Non-motorized: Walking Transport Mode Type RESIDENT Mode Split by 2050 Private Passenger Vehicles Check (Sum = 100%) Light Rail Non-motorized: Biking Bus

Reduction Reduced 2050 Waste Emissions 16,900 mEDozE, Strategy 3 Management Sustainable Materials and Reuse Strategy 2 Source Reduction Strategy 1 Projected 2050 Waste Emissions Composting Recycling and BAU 2050 Waste Emissions 20,000 70,000 30,000 10,000 50,000 60,000 40,000 Emissions (mtCO2e) Waste Sector Strategies