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COF 2026-99 · Agenda item attachment · Jun 29 2026
A communication was received from Cheryl Ohlson Executive Director Cambridge Office of Early Childhood, transmitting Cambridge Preschool Program Update Presentation.
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
City Council & School Committee Roundtable
June 29, 2026
Cambridge Preschool Program Update
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
Executive Summary
Context: The Office of Early Childhood (OEC) mission is to strengthen Cambridge’s early childhood ecosystem, ensuring access to
high‑quality care and education while advocating for young children, their families, and the early childhood workforce
Progress to date: OEC’s has implemented the Cambridge Preschool Program (CPP), a program that provides access to free,
high‑quality preschool for all Cambridge 4‑year‑olds and priority 3‑year‑olds
-
CPP is the fruition of Council’s long‑term commitment, taking almost a decade of work and significant budget investments
-
Currently in its second year, CPP is serving 858 children from a diverse mix of background, 40% of whom are priority students
-
The 2026 family survey shows that families report overwhelmingly positive preschool experiences across all indicators
Remaining needs: While the CPP program has demonstrated strong early results for target groups, opportunity remains with:
1)
Income level: families with incomes 65%+ of AMI are not currently able to access free extended day and summer care [~110 in
group]
2)
Age range: families with infants and toddlers (below 3) do not receive any childcare support through CPP today [~1,100 in group]
Potential paths forward: to address the gaps in coverage today, recommend exploring the following options for CPP …
1)
Horizontal - extend income limit for families: extend 3-year-old preschool to all families, extend AMI threshold for coverage
2)
Vertical - expand supports for families of infants/toddlers: identify strategies for offering services and supports, which could
include access to free childcare, for lower-income families of infants / toddlers (based on % AMI)
Today: discussion on how to best prioritize path forward to best meet OEC’s mission of strengthening Cambridge’s education ecosystem
2
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Agenda
§
Context - OEC & CPP overview
§
Progress to date - CPP status update
§
Remaining needs - Landscape of City’s support for ages 0-5
§
Path forward - Potential next steps for the program
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Updates – Based on the Previous Joint Roundtable Conversation
§
Question about the inclusion of faith-affiliated preschools in CPP
§
Support for local, community-based preschool providers
§
Minimizing “empty seats” within the CPP system, beyond the CPP system
§
Ensuring program quality within CPP
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Context | OEC was created to strengthen the early childhood ecosystem; created CPP
to provide free preschool for all 4-year-olds and prioritized 3-year-olds
OEC’s
4 key
areas of
work
1. Cambridge Preschool Program (CPP)
2. Program Quality
3. Workforce Development
4. Family Engagement
Goals
of CPP
Expand preschool ACCESS
Enhance preschool QUALITY
1
2
Eligibility
Priority status
Seat matching
•
All 4-year-olds
who are city
residents
•
3-year-olds with
priority status
•
3-year-olds with
non-priority
status
Guaranteed seat
Eligible for seat
•
Income at
or below 65% AMI
•
Eligible for free /
reduced lunch
(for CPS)
•
Experiencing
homelessness
•
In foster care
•
Matching uses
single, online
application
•
Families can
rank up to 10
programs
•
Algorithm
matches families
OEC Mission
OEC Vision
Every child and family in Cambridge
has access to high quality early
care and education experiences.
As a result, all children enter school
ready to thrive academically,
physically, socially, and emotionally,
and continue to do so through third
grade and beyond.
To connect the city’s early
childhood ecosystem, align early
childhood services and information,
and advocate for and advance the
needs of all young children, their
families, and the early childhood
workforce.
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
•
“Blue Ribbon Committee” initiated the conversation
•
2015 - The Cambridge Early Childhood Task Force issued recommendations, which included a recommendation to
create the “Birth to 3rd Grade (B-3) Partnership” – A city-wide collaborative focused on expanding access to and
quality of early childhood programming across Cambridge, especially for lower-income families.
•
In 2017 the City Council committed to pursuing universal Pre-Kindergarten. The B-3 Partnership began researching
various UPK models.
•
In 2019 the B-3 Partnership presented UPK model options to City Council and the School Committee during a Joint
Roundtable. Following the Partnership’s recommendation, City Council Committed to following a mixed delivery
model. The B-3 Partnership began strategic planning to design this new mixed delivery system.
•
The B-3 Partnership became the Office of Early Childhood (OEC) in 2022. Shortly thereafter, OEC began recruiting
CPP program partners, and partnered with a software development firm to design the matching algorithm.
•
The CPP system launched in 2024:
• Created a scholarship program that provided scholarships to 50 preschool-age children who met income-
eligibility criteria. This was later expanded to serve 75 children.
• Winter 2024 – The first match was implemented.
• September 2024 – The first group of CPP children started school.
• October 2024 –The second round of matching was implemented for SY25-26.
• Early 2025 – Families will be notified of their matches for SY25-26.
6
History | CPP, and OEC more broadly, is the result of many years of work and planning
from City Councilors, School Committee members, and other city stakeholders
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Context | The city has a long history of supporting Early Childhood efforts over the
years, most recently with the launch of CPP in FY24
Cumulative OEC investment, by year*
*Note: FY19-FY25 Early Childhood Spending pulled from Consolidated Spending in Adopted Budget Books, FY15-FY18 preceded consolidated
spending in budget book, DHSP and CPS calculated.
FY24
FY25
FY23
FY22
FY20
FY21
FY19
FY18
FY17
OEC begins recruiting CPP
program partners, developing
matching algorithm
City Council commits to universal
Pre‑K; B–3 Partnership begins
researching UPK models
FY16
FY15
City launches B–3
Partnership, scholarships
for 50 income‑eligible
preschoolers
$39M
$39M
$29M
$22M
$21M
$18M
$13M
$12M
$10M
$9M
$9M
CPP launched; first group of
children start school in
September 2024
B–3 Partnership secures City Council’s
commitment to a mixed‑delivery UPK model,
begins planning new system
+$4.1M driven by CPS
Junior Kindergarten and
Special Start programs
+$3.7M driven by DHSP
operating budget increase
for preschool funding
+$7.4M driven by Tobin
Montessori Children’s
House Program
+$10.0M driven by
expanded Pre-K
funding via CPP
Council has supported EC
long before FY15:
• DHSP preschools
• CPS “junior K”
• Center for Families
• Agenda for Children
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Context | Council’s decision on universal pre‑K (UPK) for 4‑year‑olds aligns with research
showing that universal preschool produces better outcomes for children and families
Impact area
Research finding
Academic & Equity
Gains
(Journal of Human
Resources, 2023)
§
Universal pre-K produces significantly larger test-score gains for low-income children than means-
tested programs, while middle-income children see similar improvements
§
Universal pre-K includes children typically excluded under means testing and deliver better cost-
effectiveness and quality through wider political support and peer classroom diversity
Economic & Workforce
Benefits
(Yale/National Bureau of
Econ. Research, 2024)
§
In New Haven, full-day UPK added ~11 hours/week of care and boosted parent earnings by 21.7%,
effects that persisted for at least six years. It delivered $10 in public benefit per $1 spent
§
Extended-care UPK improved parents’ employment and earnings especially for middle-income
families
Long-Term & Cost-
Benefit Insights
(various sources)
§
Some academic gains fade by elementary school, but high-quality universal pre-K still improves
kindergarten readiness and long-term outcomes (University of Georgia, 2025)
§
Cost-benefit estimates show $2-4 returned per $1 spent on quality universal pre-K - driven by
improved child and adult outcomes (Journal of Human Resources, 2023)
§
In Georgia, UPK led to higher high school graduation (+1.5pp), college attainment (+1.5pp),
reduced SNAP use, lower teen parenthood, indicating lasting societal benefits (Policy Impacts,
2026)
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Context | OEC has developed a robust quality monitoring system to ensure that all CPP
providers meet the highest quality standards.
Quality Matters
§
Research has consistently shown that preschool participation only positively impacts children’s
learning and developmental outcomes when the preschool program meets the highest, evidence-
based quality standards. Low-quality preschools do not produce positive outcomes for children, and
some research even suggests that children who attend low-quality preschools underperform, when
compared with their peers, on a variety of outcome measures.
CPP’s Quality
Monitoring System
§
OEC has implemented a robust quality monitoring system that utilizes a variety of quality measures,
all based on research and evidence-based practices, to provide a comprehensive picture of quality
across the CPP system and within individual preschool programs.
§
The quality monitoring system includes classroom observations, using a nationally normed and
validated quality assessment tool, family feedback, and other measures.
§
Teachstone CLASS observations, conducted by external, objective assessors
§
OEC program quality staff observations
§
Family feedback (gathered from surveys, transfer requests, Family Advisory Board
§
Document review
§
OEC also works closely with the CPP Program Advisory Board and CPP Family Advisory Board to
gather feedback on an ongoing basis and to inform policy and program decisions.
Stakeholder
Engagement
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Agenda
§
Context - OEC & CPP overview
§
Progress to date - CPP status update
§
Remaining needs - Landscape of City’s support for ages 0-5
§
Path forward - Potential next steps for the program
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Program matching | Vast majority of CPP families are matched with one of their top
preschool choices, often based on factors such as location, service hours, & language
Applicants that received one of their first three choices
In %
All applicants
Priority applicants
92%
97%
Distribution of 553 applicants for the ‘26-‘27 school year
Key factors for families when
choosing providers:
• Location
• Availability of after‑school care
• Curriculum
• Language used
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Program demographics | Currently in its second year, CPP is serving 858 children, 40%
of whom are Priority students
44%
56%
’24-’25
40%
60%
’25-’26
Priority*
General
100
100
325
339
152
217
341
302
’24-’25
’25-’26
CPS
DHSP
CBOs
818
858
’24-25 to ’25-26 enrollees by income group
In %
Total CPP students across providers
In number
100% of
Priority
Applicants are
served.
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’26-’27 enrollees by language
In %
’26-’27 enrollees by race
In %
44.0%
22.5%
19.4%
14.0%
0.1%
Native Hawaiian
/Pacific Islander
Multiracial
Asian
Black/
African American
White/Caucasian
’26-’27
69.3%
4.6%
16.9%
2.6%
2.6%
4.0%
Other
Amharic
Japanese
Mandarin (Chinese)
Spanish
English
’26-’27
Program demographics | CPP students came from a diverse mix of background
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Program enrollment | Demand for CPP seats has remained relatively stable despite a
slight decrease for the ’26–’27 school year
242
301
300
125
210
214
282
278
254
’24-’25 Enrolled (Apr ’24)*
’25-’26 Enrolled (Feb ’25)
’26-’27 Enrolled (Feb ’26)
789
768
649
DHSP
CPS
CBOs
Enrolled CPP students at match, ’24-’25 to ’26-’27
In number
*In ’24-’25 the enrollment timeline was later
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Program feedback | The 2026 family survey shows that families report overwhelmingly
positive preschool experiences across all indicators (94% positive; 3% dissatisfied)
How satisfied are you with your
child’s preschool experience?
In %
How much does your child like
joining in on preschool activities?
In %
How well does the preschool support
your child’s social, emotional, and
cognitive development?
In %
79%
15%
2%
2%
1%
Distribution of 172 survey respondents
Very satisfied
Satisfied
Very Unsatisfied
Neutral
Unsatisfied
72%
22%
3%
2%
1%
Very excited
Somewhat excited
Neutral
Not excited
Hesitant
76%
18%
3%
2%
1%
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Very Poor
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Program feedback | The positive experiences are reflected in parents’ testimonials,
many of which share their gratitude and why they love CPP
We are so grateful for this program!! What an
amazing experience for our kiddo and incredible
benefit to all Cambridge families. Thank you!!
I articulated this before, but moving to Cambridge and enrolling our son
in Tobin DHSP changed his life, and gave him a childhood where he is
flourishing. From the first day, the teachers were so welcoming,
supportive, warm and friendly… It has been amazing for us to see him
flourish in such a short amount of time, and this is because of the
atmosphere that Tobin (and I suspect, CPP) promotes.
His growth is evident - at home he
is now counting and naming letters
and even doing simple math!
Our child loves going to preschool and has not had a
single day where she said she does not want to.
As an educator myself, I am really happy with how
this program is run and all that my child has
learned in Pk3 and Pk4.
We really appreciate you keeping high quality, nonprofit
schools as part of CPP and hope that this continues and
is prioritized over funding for-profit daycare chains.
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Program feedback | Some parents also indicated areas for improvement; lack of summer
care / afterschool & confusing differences between programs mentioned most often
We sincerely appreciate the support of CPP. Although it is
already huge, it was little difficult to live without
summer program around two month.
The lack of aftercare / holiday / summer care
options for 4yos is a major gap in the system. I
love that CPP exists but this absolutely has to get
addressed for future kids.
It was very confusing choosing between CPS vs
DHSP program physically located at a CPS location,
during the PreK lottery process. We… didn’t know at the
time all the nuances for example that you cannot be on a
CPS waitlist if you choose a DHSP school, and how
choosing a DHSP program doesn’t let your child
continue on into Kindergarten at the same school...
Parents have to read the rules and process extremely
carefully.
The process of applying through the lottery for pre-K and K was
extremely frustrating… I was regularly told that the problem
was that CPP and CPS were different programs and
therefore had different rules and process… The fact that the
two programs are not officially connected in terms of policies,
problem solving or enrollment was challenging.
The lack of afterschool options for 3-year-olds is VERY
STRESSFUL… it would have been infinitely more convenient if he could
have just attended afterschool at DHSP Tobin. The inconvenience for
working families really cannot be overstated and I am hoping something
can be done to fix this.
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Agenda
§
Context - OEC & CPP overview
§
Progress to date - CPP status update
§
Remaining needs - Landscape of City’s support for ages 0-5
§
Path forward - Potential next steps for the program
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Remaining gaps | CPP has earned strong momentum with currently supported groups;
opportunity to expand coverage to other groups in need
Priority Families
(meet income threshold)
General families
(do not meet income threshold)
4-year-old
3-year-old
0 to 2-year-old
Family income
Age
•
Free access to preschool
•
Free access to extended day / summer
care
•
Free access to preschool
•
Free access to extended day / summer
care
•
NO FREE access to childcare
•
Note: The City provides supports to these families through
Center for Families, Agenda for Children programming
•
Free access to preschool
•
Families pay cost of extended day /
summer care (if available at their school)
•
LIMITED access to preschool
•
Families pay cost of extended day /
summer care (if available at their school)
Note: preschool = 6.5-hour school day
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Infant / toddler | The City currently provides some high-quality supports to families
with infants / toddlers
With more efforts in process
HKS Study
Landscape analysis of
infant/toddler care in the city,
focusing on the availability
of high-quality, affordable
care
Working group
City-wide Infant / Toddler
working group to explore the
circumstances and needs of
0-3 families
Recommendations to be
delivered summer 2026
The city has several programs in place today
Childcare
resources
& referral
OEC’s Childcare Information Specialist provides
families with information about childcare, preschool,
summer programming, etc.
Center for
Families
(CFF)
Offers range of programming, such as Baby Univ.,
parent-child playgroups, mothers’ support groups,
the Cambridge Dads program, case support, etc.
Agenda for
Children’s
Literacy
Offers programming for these families through their
“Let’s Talk” initiative, which includes home visits,
parent workshops, family events, and book events
Home
visits
Range of programs exist in the city, including
through Early Head Start and Early Intervention
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Infant / toddler | Even with these existing 0-3 efforts, ongoing needs for support remain,
especially for lower income families
ITC in the state is 3x more expensive than HHS’
“affordable” level of 7% of income
Ø MA families spend an average of $22k/year
on ITC, accounting for ~20% of income
Families prefer childcare centers, but cost
leads many to provide full time parental care
Ø Only 13% of Cambridge residents view full
time caregiving as ideal arrangement
Ø Yet, 30% report providing full time care
MA is the most expensive state for ITC in
the country, straining many young families
… with lower income families particularly
impacted by ongoing ITC needs
Note: ITC = Infant / Toddler Childcare, HHS = US Dept of Health and Human Services
Families earning <$100k are 3x more likely to
be full time caregiver than families at $200k+
Ø 45% of families earning <$100k report
providing full time parental care
Lower income families are substantially more
likely to want “a lot more” care than received
Ø 33% of lower income families report
wanting “a lot more” care than currently
received, compared to just 4% of higher
income families
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Agenda
§
Context - OEC & CPP overview
§
Progress to date - CPP status update
§
Remaining needs - Landscape of City’s support for ages 0-5
§
Path forward - Potential next steps for the program
CITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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Potential paths | Options to expand CPP coverage for groups in need is structured
around either expanding horizontal income inclusion or vertical age inclusion
Age
Group
Family with
4-year-old
•
Free access to extended day /
summer care
•
Free access to extended day /
summer care
Family with
3-year-old
•
Free access to preschool
(school day – school year)
•
Free access to extended day /
summer care
Family with 0
to 2-year-old
•
Explore policy options to support
priority families (deeper dive on
next slides)
Potential path
1
Slight horizontal increase
Expand priority criteria to include
65–85% or 100% AMI for
4-year-olds
2
Larger horizontal increase
Expand priority criteria to include
65–85% or 100% AMI for
3 & 4-year-olds
3
Vertical increase
Expand services for 0 to 2-year-
olds for priority families
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Peer comparison | Efforts from other cities / states to move towards a more
comprehensive system of supports for families with very young children
New
York
City
•
Like Cambridge, NYC already offers universal PK to all 4s and free preschool to many 3s
•
They are currently working to expand this to serve all 3s, and to expand the program to serve
2-year-olds, with the goal being to reach universal childcare 0-5
•
At the same time, the city is identifying ways to facilitate the opening of new, high quality
childcare centers to meet the demand
State of
New
Mexico
•
First state in the nation to offer universal childcare, 0-5, regardless of income
•
Like NYC, this program also includes workforce development efforts to ensure a sufficient
supply of qualified educators, and efforts to expand supply by offering low-cost loans and other
supports to facilitate the opening of new childcare centers to meet demand
City of
Hartford
•
Recently presented a proposal to provide universal childcare, focusing on 0-3 where there is
the greatest need and the shortest supply
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Advantages
Disadvantages
Means testing | The city has concerns with implementing means testing in CPP
While there are some potential advantages
of a means-testing program …
… the disadvantages threaten substantial
harm to the pre-K system in the city
Cost savings could be redirected to other
priorities
Preserves access for families who might
otherwise be unable to afford high‑quality
preschool
Will require additional infrastructure &
increased administrative responsibilities to
implement the sliding fee scale
Represents a major shift from the long-
standing universal preschool commitment
and messaging
Possible negative impacts on program
diversity from reduced enrollment
Lose positive impacts (learning gains,
economic mobility, etc.) of universal program
Note: cost savings limited if means-testing
not applied to middle income families
Note: CPP already incorporates
consideration of family income in
determining the extent of services provided to
families through priority family designation
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Next steps | We look forward to partnering with the Council to shape the next phase of
the City’s Early Childhood priorities
Next steps
§
Discuss and finalize which potential program
changes to explore further among the four
options
§
Provide initial directional guidance so OEC
can model cost, operational, and equity
implications
§
Determine the desired timeline for any
changes, aligned with provider‑notification
deadlines
§
OEC will return to the Council with analysis
results, alongside recommendations from the
Infant/Toddler Working Group and the
Harvard Kennedy School
Key takeaways
§
CPP is achieving strong outcomes: high
satisfaction, high match rates, and equitable
access
§
These outcomes rely on significant City
investment and coordinated support across
providers: DHSP, CPS, and Community-
Based Organizations (CBOs)
§
The Council has raised four major areas for
future exploration: means‑testing,
infant/toddler care, extended day / summer
care, and expanded 3‑year‑old coverage
§
Any CPP program changes require long lead
time and would likely take effect in ’28–29.